In the beginning of the 16th century, however, the name of Mikolaj Sieniawski, a known king's advisor, is mentioned in the town's records. He could not have been the town's landlord, as the name Jazlowiecki was also present on the records. The only rational explanation is that the king delegated to him some business matters relating to the state treasury. Apparently, King Zygmunt I granted Sieniawski the concession to collect quarterly toll taxes due the king's treasury. Because this contract went to one of the king's most influential courtiers, it carries the inference that toll collecting in Jazlowiec must have been a lucrative business. This directly confirms that a major highway passed through the town, and that its busy traffic was a source of substantial revenue. It also gives credence to the fact that at this time of its history, Jazlowiec was a very prosperous town. The documentation, written in the form of a letter to the Podolian tax collector, refers to the taxes collected in the old and new town. This is evidence that the town increased in size, with its newer portions being called "new town", again confirming the fact that the business was good at the time.
Another document which relates to Sieniawski indicates that the king gave his permission to the town to hold and annual trade fair on the day of St. Catherine. This would naturally benefit the king's treasury, since the increased traffic would also increase the tax revenue. Still another document, the king's decree in response to Sieniawski's request, permitted a second trade fair to be held on the day of the parish's patron saint, Mary Magdalene. All of this provides good evidence that the town was recognized for its business activities and potential state revenues.
The time lapse between Waclaw's Jazlowiecki's resignation and the next appearance of his family name in Podolia indicates the existence of his descendant, not clearly reported in contemporary records. The most logical successor was Jan Jazlowiecki, often recorded as Jan Buczacki. The premise that he was the grandson of Michal, master of Jazlowiec, and the father of Jerzy, a famous name in Podolia's and Polish history and the timing itself, clearly indicate that he was the Commander Jan Jazlowiec to whom famous Polish poet, Jan Kochanowski, dedicated his epic "Proporzec".
Name: Jazlowiecki
Lebensdaten: -
erwaehnt: seit 15.Jh.
Beruf(e): Adlige
Gruppe(n): ADLIGE
Archiv: Polskie Archivum Biograficzne
Fiche: I 183,108-118
Titel der Quelle: Niesiecki [= Kurztitel]
Herbarz polski / Niesiecki, Kaspar. - T. 1-10. - Lipsk. -
1839-46
Titel der Quelle: Michalski [= Kurztitel]
Encyklopedja powszechna ultima Thule / Michalski,
Stanislaw Fr. - Bd. 1-10. - Warszawa. - 1927-3
Titel der Quelle: Orgelbrand [= Kurztitel]
Encyklopedja powszechna z ilustracjami i mapami /
Orgelbrand, S.. - T. 1-18. - Warszawa. - 1898-1912
Titel der Quelle: Encyklopedyja powszechna [= Kurztitel]
Encyklopedyja powszechna. - T. 1-28. - Warszawa. - 1859-
68
Titel der Quelle: Herbarz polski [= Kurztitel]
Herbarz polski i imionospis zasluzonych w Polsce ludzi
wszystkich stanów i czasów. - T. 1-3. -
Lwów. - 1855-62
(2002-8-16, 15:53 UTC)
The first mention of Jazlowiecki appears in relation to Waclaw Jazlowiecki, who became famous for gaining several victories over the Tartars. During the time he held the office of the Podolian voivodship, there were at least five major invasions by the Tartars - in 1450, 1452, 1453, 1469 and 1474. There may also have been minor incursions which were not recorded, but which nevertheless would have added to the strain of the defense of the frontier. Waclaw resigned his office in 1477 and became a hermit, spending the remained of his life in prayer and meditation. Considering that he held such a lofty position prior to his resignation, it can be presumed that he participated in public life in his earlier years, but in minor positions.
Jazlowiecki
erwaehnt: seit 15.Jh. Adlige Gruppe(n):
ADLIGE Archiv: Polskie Archivum Biograficzne Fiche: I 183,108-118 Titel der Quelle: Niesiecki [= Kurztitel] Herbarz polski / Niesiecki, Kaspar. - T. 1-10. - Lipsk. - 1839-46 Titel der Quelle: Michalski [= Kurztitel] Encyklopedja powszechna ultima Thule / Michalski, Stanislaw Fr. - Bd. 1-10. - Warszawa. - 1927-39 Titel der Quelle: Orgelbrand [= Kurztitel] Encyklopedja powszechna z ilustracjami i mapami / Orgelbrand, S.. - T. 1-18. - Warszawa. - 1898-1912 Titel der Quelle: Encyklopedyja powszechna [= Kurztitel] Encyklopedyja powszechna. - T. 1-28. - Warszawa. - 1859- 68 Titel der Quelle: Herbarz polski [= Kurztitel] Herbarz polski i imionospis zasluzonych w Polsce ludzi wszystkich stanów i czasów. - T. 1-3. - Lwów. - 1855-62
Name: Jazlowiecki
Lebensdaten: -
erwaehnt: seit 15.Jh.
Beruf(e): Adlige
Gruppe(n): ADLIGE
Archiv: Polskie Archivum Biograficzne
Fiche: I 183,108-118
Titel der Quelle: Niesiecki [= Kurztitel]
Herbarz polski / Niesiecki, Kaspar. - T. 1-10. - Lipsk. -
1839-46
Titel der Quelle: Michalski [= Kurztitel]
Encyklopedja powszechna ultima Thule / Michalski,
Stanislaw Fr. - Bd. 1-10. - Warszawa. - 1927-3
Titel der Quelle: Orgelbrand [= Kurztitel]
Encyklopedja powszechna z ilustracjami i mapami /
Orgelbrand, S.. - T. 1-18. - Warszawa. - 1898-1912
Titel der Quelle: Encyklopedyja powszechna [= Kurztitel]
Encyklopedyja powszechna. - T. 1-28. - Warszawa. - 1859-
68
Titel der Quelle: Herbarz polski [= Kurztitel]
Herbarz polski i imionospis zasluzonych w Polsce ludzi
wszystkich stanów i czasów. - T. 1-3. -
Lwów. - 1855-62
(2002-8-16, 15:53 UTC)
He had to be a well known person who distinguished himself in the king's service, but for some reason his exploits were not recorded or lost if recorded.
The name Jazlowiecki regained prominence when Jerzy, grandson of Waclaw the Hermit, appeared on the public scene in Podolia. Jerzy Jazlowiecki, one of the most colorful Polish military leaders and statesmen of his time, left a rich legacy of powerful stories about his many achievements in various fields of public endeavor. As a young man, he followed the custom of the times and enlisted in the service of the famous Polish Commander, Michal Kamieniecki. While serving under him, young Jerzy distinguished himself in many actions against the Tartars, and in spite of his youth, was often entrusted with defense of the frontier lands. In 1528, when still in early manhood, he wiped out a Tartar force of over one thousand men. A few years later, at the village of Oczkow, he crushed the Tartar force under Khan Aslan which led to a personal feud between the two commanders.
During one of the periodic lulls in the fighting, the Tartar khan, following the terms of local chivalry, invited the young Polish commander to a reception in his camp. The Polish commander obliged him, but when he arrived, he was forcibly detained and held hostage. He was eventually released (after his family paid a substantial ransom), but this breach of etiquette in the traditional rules began a personal vendetta by Jerzy Jazlowiecki against the khan and the Tartars in general.
But fighting Tartars was not his only military objective. Whenever necessary, he made himself available for other theaters of military action. When the Voivod of Moldavia invaded Poland's southern territories, Jerzy Jazlowiecki rushed his forces across the Dniestr River to fight alongside the Polish commander, Jan Tarnowski. In two battles, at Gwozdziec and Obertyn in 1531, the Woloch army was decisively defeated and forced to retreat. This was regarded a major Polish victory and in one in which the Voivodship of Moldavia once again became subject to Polish rule.
The preoccupation of Poland with the war against the Russians (1534-1537) acted as an incentive for the Tartars to increase their pressure on the southeast Polish territories. Border units under the command of Jazlowiecki successfully defended the Polish land against Tartar incursions in 1535, 1536 and 1537. The Tartar attacks stopped until 1549, when their forces managed to penetrate Polish territory as far west as the town of Tarnopol, where they were severely beaten by the field commander, Jan Tarnowski. The Tartars then turned their attention toward their northern neighbor, the Moscow state. When Jazlowiecki learned that the common enemy had plundered Moscow (1552) and were returning with captives and spoils to the Crimea, he hastily gathered his forces to intervene. But the enemy unfortunately escaped by using secret travel routes in the steppe.
He fought the Tartars again in 1566, when Polish border guards under his command defeated their invading forces. In 1573, by order of the king, he again took command of a substantial force and was ordered to intervene in the Moldavian revolt and bring peace to the territory. Even in his later years, he was given command over the Polish border forces during the election of the new king, when the Tartars twice invaded Polish land (in 1574 and 1575). Although their powerful forces brought great destruction to Ruthenia and Podolia, Jazlowiecki managed to check their advance at the borderlands before pushing them back into Crimea.
His military service was only a part of his commitment to public life. The Polish king, in recognition of his leadership abilities and faithful service to the country, nominated him to various high public offices, including the Voivodship of Podolia, the Voivodship of Ruthenia and in 1569 as the Commander-in-Chief of the King's Armies (Hetman Koronny). Giving recognition to his expertise in eastern affairs, the king sent him twice as the head of a Polish delegation to the Turkish Sultan to conclude arrangements normalizing Turkish-Polish relationship.
Soon after his last encounter with the Tartars, Jerzy Jazlowiecki died in 1575 in his castle in Jazlowiec, leaving four sons and two daughters. He was buried in the castle's tomb, which now may be buried under a deep layer of rubble in the disintegrated structure. Buried with him lays much of Polish history of his period, a history of unending struggle to keep Poland and the western countries of Europe from the eastern threat.
Jerzy Jazlowiecki, as a public figure and military leader, enjoyed great popularity and respect among his countrymen and was held in high esteem by the last two Jagiellonian kings of Poland. His opinions on affairs of the state always carried weight and well received by the king's court and Polish nobility. Among the lower class, he became a mythical leader who kept them free from the Tartar menace and thus enabled them to live in peace and prosperity. The only section of the community at whom he was at odds was the Catholic clergy. They would not forgive him for his conversion to Calvinism and propagation of this branch of Reformation in Poland.
The conflict between Jazlowiecki and the clergy began when he gave in to his wife's (a devout Calvinist) religious convictions, and removed the Catholic pastor from the Jazlowiec parish and replaced him with a Calvinist clergyman. This was regarded as heresy among the Dominicans in nearby Czerwonogrod and their followers. For voicing their disapproval of him openly and widely, Jazlowiecki ordered them to vacate their monastery in Jazlowiec and confiscated their accumulated wealth. The new religious movement did not take deep roots to survive for very long in Jazlowiec and the entire country. Jerzy's son, Mikolaj, brought the Dominicans back to the town in 1583, installing a Catholic priest in the town's wooden church of St. Mary Magdalene.
During his lifetime, Jerzy Jazlowiecki made a considerable contribution to the development of the town and improvement to the well-being of its citizens. The business and trade sectors (mainly in Armenian and Jewish hands) prospered, and with it, the town in general thrived. Within his life, many new buildings were built and even the castle enlarged and its fortifications improved, making it the mightiest fortress in Podolia. He also improved upon the entire defensive system of southeastern part of Poland, increasing the defensive capabilities of its castles, including fortress in Kamieniec Podolski, the seat of the Podolian Voivodship.
At some point, most likely when his husband was still alive, she began to actively involve herself in the civic activities and the welfare of the town. She did not display, however, as much dedication to these causes as her late brother-in-law and her achievements in that area are not as noteworthy as his. She also became interested in the arts and became a dedicated patron of music. The first Polish composer, Mikolaj Gomolka, was a frequent visitor to her court and enjoyed her enthusiastic support in his creative efforts.
According to available records, Mikolaj Gomolka was born in Krakow in 1564, where his talents were first recognized by the Catholic bishop. At the age of sixteen, he composed his first and the only surviving composition, "Psalterz Polski", which was published by the Archdiocese of Krakow. No other composition of his have survived, but it is known that his music was played all over Poland, and much of Lithuania as well. The chronicle mentions that during his time, he was very popular with nobility "as he pleased them with his talent". In twenty six years of artistic productivity, he must have created a great number of nonreligious compositions, but these were in general produced as single copies and had a lesser chance of survival than his church music.
During one of his visits at the court of Eleanor Jazlowiecki, he became ill and shortly thereafter died in her castle. As a commoner, he was buried in the Dominican churchyard in a plot near the surrounding wall. His grave in time became unrecognizable and forgotten. Much later in time, in mid-19th century, the owner of Jazlowiec discovered the grave and its plate restored. Some of his contemporary followers and admirers had a commemorative plaque set in his memory inside the entrance to the Dominican church. This plaque with the following Latin inscription was still readable on the wall before World War Two:
D.O.M
Gomolcam His lapis indicat sepultum
quem cum devorat atra mors choraulae
omnes ingemuere musicique
megatumouue domus stretere mutae
at recte cineres Tui quiescant
Gomolco hoc tumulo a Tuis parato
Obiit Anno D. MDCIX
die V Martis Aetatis XLV
In 1610, the widowed Eleanor exchanged marriage vows with Prince Jan Jerzy Radziwill, a powerful magnate from Lithuania. A year later, she and her new husband signed a document in which they gave the right of care of the parish church and its properties to the new pastor, Rev. Adam Makowski. But the most important document they co-signed, and which has survived, was the confirmation of the rights once granted to the Armenians. At the very beginning of this document, there is a statement which testifies that this was granted due to the request of the Armenians that the privileges granted to them by the late Hieronim Jazlowiecki be continued. This reference to the man who allegedly acted against the Armenians and their bishop, puts in doubt the legends about his conflict with the Armenians.
The intent of this document, as was clearly stated therein, and through its liberal provisions, was to increase the Armenian population in Jazlowiec by attracting newcomers to take advantage of the trade and business opportunities and by same to improve economic conditions in Jazlowiec. This testifies to the fact that business in the town had declined and needed to be revived.
The provisions of the document were indeed very generous to the Armenians and appeared to have been given at the expense of other national groups. First, the assurance had been given to the Armenians that they could move about at will in and out of town, and were to retain their traditional rights of self-government so that "they would govern themselves in civic and church matters like the Armenians in Kamieniec Podolski". Second, the town officials were forbidden to interfere in the activities of Armenian tradesmen and businessmen, and their households were to be free of taxation in both currency and kind. Finally it restored their former rights to properties like the woods, fields and meadows in the village of Porchowa.
Princess Eleanor, widow of Hieronim, wife of Prince Radziwill, was the last of the Jazlowiecki line to reside in the castle and care for its vast estates. We know very little of her later activities. The available documents pertain to the nobility, clergy and church affairs, and contain nearly nothing about Jazlowiec and its people.
Karl Ludwig Grossherzog Mecklenburg-Strelitz
He was the Prince of the Wendes, Schwerin, and, Ratzeburg; Count of Schwerin; and, Lord of the Lands of Rostock and Stargard. He reigned from 2 Jun 1794 to 6 Nov 1816. He was Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz until 28 Jun 1815 when he assumed the title Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
Catherine Pavlovna Grand Duchess of Russia
http://www.butschal.de/herbbutschal/img/kathpavlovna.jpg